What are AI agents? Simon Willison crowdsourced a lot of definitions that focus on:

1) Taking action on the user’s behalf in the real world (i.e. what the agent does)
2) Using the LLM to run a loop or complex control flow (i.e. how it does it).

We could say that an AI agent takes actions based on an AI-determined control flow.

Agents use prompts as the CPU of a Turing machine that can manage state, short- and long-term memory, I/O, and control flow. The agent can access the Internet and tools to perform compute tasks, retrieve info, take actions via APIs, and use the outputs to determine next steps in a loop or complex control flow. Maybe even control your browser and computer.

In this post, we’ll try to develop a roadmap of agent concepts and patterns to learn, and resources to learn them.

Economics is the painful elaboration of the obvious.

Politicians sometimes say things like “AI is going to make our workers more productive, and they will reap the rewards with higher wages.”

It’s mostly worked out the way in the past. But the labor share of income has varied. How much labor benefits, and how much capital benefits, depends on how technology complements labor, versus substitutes for it. There is little support in economic theory for the notion that technological progress always raises everyone’s wages and standard of living. It’s a pop economics, Panglossian belief based on motivated thinking.

AI is the most human-like technology ever invented, so it seems likely to be an effective substitute for human labor. It seems likely that we will get growth but also disruption, more income inequality, more concentration of wealth, and more people locked out of decent middle class and working class jobs. The worst case would be an ‘economic singularity’ of robots making more robots while masses are immiserated. We should think about how to detect the singularity and use policy to head it off.

Let’s break it down (painful as it may be).

Simon Willison has a great post on everything we learned about AI in 2024 (somewhat technical). Inspired by him, here is a roundup of the top events of 2024 in AI and where we are now.

A video and blog post about building a chat agent for conversational queries to an API like OpenBB.

• OpenBB is a platform offering a unified API to access market data services.
• LangChain is a framework that supports many LLM application patterns, including chatbot agents.
• Streamlit is a simple way to build a Python chat UI.
• We build a functional chatbot capable of answering stock market-related queries using tools.

A short (< 10-minute) demo video, with a couple of intro comments about early 2024 LLM developments

A slide presentation for a discussion with HBS Next Chapter.

A logician is hiking through snowy woods and sees a small spaceship, and next to it, two tiny legs, sticking out of a snow drift. He digs the little creature out, and it turns out to be small omniscient space alien. The alien is extremely grateful and, being omniscient, offers to answer any question the logician may have. Naturally the logician asks: “What is the best question to ask and what is the correct answer to that question?” The tiny alien pauses momentarily, and replies, “The best question is the one you just asked; and the correct answer is this one.” And just like that…the alien hops in their spaceship and flies away.

OpenAI is moving fast and extending their lead.

There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. - Mark Twain

That was just bullshit, Joel. - Miles, in Risky Business (1983)

History is a set of lies agreed upon. - Napoleon Bonaparte

Bullshit is the glue that binds us as a nation. - George Carlin

I think it’s comparable in scale with the Industrial Revolution or electricity — or maybe the wheel. - Geoffrey Hinton

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. - Arthur C. Clarke

GPT is a transformer so smart / That can write like a human or a bard / It can answer your queries / Or make stories so eerie / That you’ll wonder if it has a heart - GPT

The future ain’t what it used to be. - Yogi Berra

Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts. - Albert Einstein

There are three kinds of people: those who can count, and those who can’t. - Source unknown

I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken. - Oliver Cromwell

• A regular time series is a function from integers to real numbers: \(y_t = f(t)\).
• Many useful time series can be specified using linear difference equations like \(y_t = k_1y_{t-1} + k_2y_{t-2} + \dots + k_ny_{t-n}\)
• This recurrence relation has a characteristic equation (and matrix representation), whose roots (or matrix eigenvalues) can be used to write closed-form solutions like \(y_t=ax^t\).
• Any time series combining exponential growth/decay and sinusoidal components can be modeled by a linear difference equation or its matrix representation.

PCA is an essential data science tool which uses the SVD to break down the linear relationships in data. The Gavish-Donoho optimal truncation threshold provides a simple formula to select a good threshold for dimensionality reduction.

Meditating on practical open distributed computing, how to build un-take-down-able apps like Web3 but without permissionless blockchains.

The perpetual challenge is building upper tiers before lower tiers are 100%, and strengthening lower tiers without breaking upper tiers.

Revisiting Bengen’s “4% Rule” at various levels of risk aversion, and generalizing beyond a simple fixed-withdrawal, no-shortfall rule, to flexible rules at different levels of risk aversion.

“Our decision to permanently suspend Donald Trump from the Twitter platform, may be a major inflection point in Twitter’s history. As CEO, I owe our users and employees a clear statement of why we took this action and how this decision evolved, i.e. not just some pablum about what a hard decision and potentially dangerous decision it was.”

Do you want to do fast and easy portfolio optimization with Python? Then CVXOPT, and this post, are for you! Here’s a gentle intro to portfolio theory and some code to get you started.

Bayesian optimization of machine learning model hyperparameters works faster and better than grid search. Here’s how we can speed up hyperparameter tuning using 1) Bayesian optimization with Hyperopt and Optuna, running on… 2) the Ray distributed machine learning framework, with a unified API to many hyperparameter search algos and early stopping schedulers, and… 3) a distributed cluster of cloud instances for even faster tuning.

A while back I made this Pizza service weekend project and I thought I could just press a button in AWS and deploy it in the cloud. It turned out to be… more complicated. With the latest version of Docker it’s getting easier. Here’s the harder (old) way and the easier (new) way. After some configuration, you can just say docker compose up and your container is deployed.

A Docker configuration for machine learning

I loved The Biggest Bluff: How I Learned to Pay Attention, Master Myself, and Win, by Maria Konnikova.

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning paradigm that can learn behavior to achieve maximum reward in complex dynamic environments, as simple as Tic-Tac-Toe, or as complex as Go, and options trading. In this post, we will try to explain what reinforcement learning is, share code to apply it, and references to learn more about it. First, we’ll learn a simple algorithm to play Tic-Tac-Toe, then learn to trade a non-random price series. Finally, we’ll talk about how reinforcement learning can master complex financial concepts like option pricing and optimal diversification.

Shiller’s CAPE ratio is a popular and useful metric for measuring whether stock prices are overvalued or undervalued relative to earnings. Recently, Vanguard analysts Haifeng Wang, Harshdeep Singh Ahluwalia, Roger A. Aliaga-Díaz, and Joseph H. Davis have written a very interesting paper on forecasting equity returns using Shiller’s CAPE and machine learning: “The Best of Both Worlds: Forecasting US Equity Market Returns using a Hybrid Machine Learning – Time Series Approach“, which effectively applies machine learning to an import investing problem. Image source: Improving U.S. stock return forecasts: A “fair-value” CAPE approach, Joseph Davis, et al. (2017)

As a data scientist, you might say…“A blog post about thresholds? It’s not even a data science problem, it’s more of a business decision.” And you would not be wrong! Threshold selection lacks the appeal of say, generative adversarial networks.

Cryptocurrencies are useless. They’re only used by speculators looking for quick riches, people who don’t like government-backed currencies, and criminals who want a black-market way to exchange money. - Bruce Schneier

I would not give a fig for the simplicity this side of complexity, but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity. - Oliver Wendell Holmes

The StreetEYE news aggregator experiment came to an end on 3/31/2019. Many thanks for supporting StreetEYE over the years!

Many people are talking about ‘quantitative tightening’ and ‘balance sheet reduction’, and some people are blaming it for market volatility, discussed here, here, here. IMHO, blaming balance sheet reduction for market volatility is cargo cult mumbo jumbo.

It’s been more than a year since we posted our last list of people to follow on Twitter for financial news. Time for an update!

In this piece, we review machine learning methods for classification. Then we apply classification to the classic value/momentum factors (spoiler: the results are a bit too good).

This is a tutorial on running Jupyter Notebook on an Amazon EC2 instance. It is based on a tutorial by Chris Albon, which did not work for me immediately (itself based on a tutorial by Piyush Agarwal). But I tweaked a few things and got it working.

Wall Street never changes, the pockets change, the suckers change, the stocks change, but Wall Street never changes, because human nature never changes. _ Jesse Livermore

About once a year I’ll post the top Twitter accounts to follow. It’s a fun piece of social media analytics, and I’ll try to do it again later this year, after seeing if I can sidestep Twitter’s efforts to cut me off.

We explore the paper “Dynamic Return Dependencies Across Industries: A Machine Learning Approach”, by David Rapach, Jack Strauss, Jun Tu and Guofu Zhou, and then try to improve the results with more sophisticated machine learning approaches.

I suggest a new strategy, R2. Let the Wookiee win._ _ C3PO

There are a number of hard problems in investing, for instance: 1) Finding alpha. 2) Finding clients and assets — especially if you can’t 1) consistently find alpha. 3) Finding an awesome name for your fund. The investing blogosphere is all over the first two. Now, for something completely different, we help you with the last one!

Bitcoin inventor Satoshi Nakamura closely monitors the launch of Bitcoin futures (photo via @vexmark)

Here’s a Sunday rant on guns.

If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor. - Albert Einstein

This anti-diversity manifesto has been making the rounds, with calls to avoid “socially engineering” diversity in response to “veiled left ideology”, to “de-moralize diversity”, to “de-emphasize empathy”, to “prioritize intention”, and to “be open about the science of human nature” which is claimed to confirm a lot of right-wing priors and stereotypes.

People sometimes ask me what I think about Universal Basic Income (UBI).

I posted earlier about some of the trends in the financial Twittersphere. It’s been a year since we posted our last list of people to follow on Twitter for financial news. Time for an update!

I was recently listening to Fred Wilson and Howard Lindzon talk about, among others, news sources and curation, which is a topic dear to my heart. (Which I wrote about before here and here).

If we’d been born where they were born and taught what they were taught, we would believe what they believe. _ attributed to Abraham Lincoln. A digressive rant on the rot in the financial Twittersphere in the Trump era.

Belated end-of-year roundup.

A hero is someone who understands the responsibility that comes with his freedom. _ Bob Dylan

First come the innovators…Then come the imitators…And then come the idiots — Warren Buffett

Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused to licentiousness. - George Washington.

I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken. - Oliver Cromwell

Certainty equivalent value is the concept of applying a discount to a stream of cash flows based on how variable or risky the stream is…like the inverse function of the risk premium.

The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man. - George Bernard Shaw

There are these two young fish swimming along, and they come across an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, “Morning, boys, how’s the water?” And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, “What the hell is water?” David Foster Wallace

Here’s a fun little update of that visualization of the financial Twittersphere I posted in May. This one is in 3D, you can zoom (with scroll wheel) and drag it around (with mouse, also see controls in top right).

Mayor: What do you mean, “biblical”?

The soldier who loses his rifle faces harsher punishment than the general who loses the war. — Anonymous soldier

It’s been a year since we posted our last list of people to follow on Twitter for financial news. Time for an update!

There is no racial bigotry here. I do not look down on n******s, kikes, wops or greasers. Here, you are all equally worthless. _ Gunnery Sergeant Francis Hartman

This is a slightly extended “director’s cut” of a post written for CFA Institute Enterprising Investor.

The first principle [of scientific inquiry] is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool _ Richard Feynman

The national security complex is putting on the full court PR press for encryption back doors. See here and here. Basically this is about giving someone a TSA lock to your phone and promising to keep it really really safe unless a legit law enforcement request is received. Of course, legitimacy is in the eye of the beholder.

Here’s a word cloud of StreetEYE headlines in 2015 (click to embiggen).

Tim Cook has been running around heralding the end of the PC. A self-serving assessment, but Intel and the PC ecosystem are going to struggle to maintain their traditional relevance. In this post, I will look at 1) the narrowing Intel/ARM performance gap, and 2) what the ‘end of the PC’ might look like.

There’s this notion going around that since the Fed buying Treasurys was QE, therefore China selling Treasurys constitutes monetary tightening. Nope. The root cause of the disequilibrium and resulting capital flows is capital flight from China to the US.

A hard problem in retirement planning is a safe spending rate, so you don’t outlive your money.

A rant on politics for a Labor Day weekend.

A donut with no hole, is a danish. Ty Webb

A quick post about poker! That seemingly simple, deceptively complex game with a number of interesting parallels to investing. I just watched the MIT lectures on ‘Poker Theory and Analytics,’ an ‘Independent Activities Period’ mini-course, and for our mutual amusement, I worked through the math on bluffing, which is an interesting problem I had never done the full deep dive into. Here it is, including a Mathematica notebook.

Curiouser and curiouser! — Alice in Wonderland. Having written about Greece the last couple of weeks, why stop now?

So, last week I said, Greece was getting booted out of the eurozone.

More than any time in history mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness, the other to total extinction. Let us pray that we have the wisdom to choose correctly. — Woody Allen

Rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. Thomas Jefferson

There will always be those who mean to do us harm. To stop them, we risk awakening the same evil within ourselves. — James T. Kirk_

There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil to one that is striking at the root, and it may be that he who bestows the largest amount of time and money on the needy is doing the most by his mode of life to produce that misery which he strives in vain to relieve. – Henry David Thoreau

A couple of days ago I posted Mapping the Financial / Media Twittersphere, an illustration of the Twitter accounts that are most central for financial news.

The good folks at Captain Economics did a great post a couple of weeks back on ‘The Economics Twitosphere Top 100 Influential Users’.

To everything, turn, turn, turn. There is a season, turn, turn, turn. And a time to every purpose under heaven. The Byrds, by way of Ecclesiastes

You have to choose between trusting to the natural stability of gold and the natural stability of the honesty and intelligence of the members of the government. And, with due respect to these gentlemen, I advise you, as long as the capitalist system lasts, to vote for gold. - George Bernard Shaw

Matthias Steiner, Beijing 2008. Pain is weakness leaving the body, and/or your central nervous system telling you you’re about to die. - source unknown

Really, the way to understand ‘net neutrality’ is it’s all about Netflix. The cable companies are outraged and scared to death about Netflix. If you’ve tried a Roku Internet TV appliance (or Apple TV, or Google Chromecast, or Amazon Fire TV), it’s a 10x user experience improvement on a cable box. For less money.

Diane Coyle says you can have either robots, or secular stagnation, but not both. In a somewhat confused tweetstorm, Marc Andreessen says secular stagnation is BS. Larry Summers, who is one of the guys behind the secular stagnation hypothesis, responds. But then, confusingly, is reported to agree with Coyle.

There are some people that will be deterred by the fact that we have nuclear weapons… But those people are the folks we can deal with anyway. — General Charles Horner. Sometimes it pays to be irrational, to do the unexpected like pass on 2nd and 1, to catch the defense by surprise. If one believes the evil genius of Belichick, he got inside Carroll’s OODA loop, he psyched Carroll into calling it and anticipated him.

Time converts the improbable to the inevitable – Stephen Jay Gould. [TL;DR 50% odds Greece leaves euro this year. Odds eurozone breaks up eventually: ~100%]

*Apple reported a blowout iPhone 6 launch quarter. In fact, reportedly the largest quarterly profit ever reported by a public company. I had a feeling they would blow away expectations, the iPhone 6 looks and feels great, it’s a must-have upgrade. *

An interesting dive into “Deep Web Marketplaces” by the folks at avc.com and USV. You have a choice of trusting the natural stability of gold or the honesty and intelligence of members of the government, and with all due respect to these gentleman, I advise you as long as the capitalist system lasts, vote for gold. – George Bernard Shaw

To lose one parent, Mr. Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune; to lose both looks like carelessness. _ Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest

A thought experiment: If you could buy an asset that returned the GDP growth rate, would you, should you do it?

In this post we’re going to look at a simple way to visualize the power of diversification, and what correlation really tells us.

Volatility is a proxy for how risky Mr. Market thinks an asset is.

In part 1 and part 2, we developed a framework for evaluating and identifying a good plan for retirement spending and asset allocation.

Last time we solved the problem of the perfect retirement spending plan, assuming a fixed known real return, and a CRRA utility function.

*Let’s see if we can come up with an ideal spending plan for a retirement, if you have a guaranteed annual return, for different levels of risk aversion. *

I was scanning the news the other day, and someone on Hacker News mentioned that half the items above the fold on StreetEYE were about Bitcoin. And I said to myself, I haven’t seen the neckbeards this excited since the early days of Linux. And it hit me, Bitcoin is the new Linux.

. In 2011 I blogged about why Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme doomed to fail.

Profits, like sausages… are esteemed most by those who know least about what goes into them. Alvin Toffler

“Being good…is not good enough! Everyone must be connected to our strategy, or we will find you, and weed you out! Information arbitrage is our business. If you don’t know what an information curve is, then find out! Position yourself in an information curve. Dominate the curve! Nick Leeson, who most of you know and all of you have heard of, runs our operation in Singapore, which l want all of you to try to emulate.” — Ron Baker, in Rogue Trader (1999)

So, the Obama Administration is ‘all-in’ on Summers, despite nearly everyone who hasn’t worked for him (and a number who have) thinking he’s not the best candidate.

When I was young people called me a gambler. As the scale of my operations grew, I became known as a speculator. Now I am called a banker. But I have been doing the same thing all the time. - Ernest Cassel

To win, you must understand the game, you must understand the players, and above all you must understand yourself. - Source unknown

Here is the long-awaited conclusion to the wonky 4-part discussion of safe retirement spending. We went pretty far down the rabbit hole, and I think the conclusions are useful.

In the last part of our look at dynamic rules for spending in retirement, we discussed how changing the allocation between stocks and bonds affects the maximum sustainable spending rate. We can summarize this relationship by plotting the highest feasible initial spending rate for any acceptable shortfall level.¹

The last post discussed a framework for evaluating simple dynamic spending rules.

How much can you safely spend out of a portfolio in retirement? Spend conservatively and you may be unnecessarily curbing the lifestyle and aspirations of you and your loved ones. Overspend and risk a shortfall and painful adjustment - in the extreme, the (hopefully apocryphal) “cat food” diet.

It’s not whether you get knocked down, it’s whether you get up. Vince Lombardi

If ‘The Graduate’ were made today, Benjamin Braddock might hear a well-meaning uncle stage-whisper ‘Big Data’ instead of ‘Plastics.’ (Runners-up: ‘The Cloud’, ‘Social Discovery’, ‘Gamification’, the list goes on.) ‘Big data’ is a buzzword that people throw around a lot. What does it mean? Large data sets are not new. The IRS, the Census, Walmart, money center banks have always had big data sets. What’s changed?

I didn’t really post as much as I would have liked this year.

Everybody talkin’ to their pockets / Everybody wants a box of chocolates / And a long-stemmed rose - Leonard Cohen

So, some people are talking about Hurricane Sandy putting people back to work, and others are pointing out that this is the ‘broken windows fallacy.’ True, a massive superstorm is usually not a good thing. Nevertheless, three quick points.

The Paul Ryan plan ‘Promotes saving by eliminating taxes on interest, capital gains, and dividends; also eliminates the death tax.’

There has been a lot of controversy about this process, and the notion that Germany will get stuck with massive losses if, following massive capital flight now in progress to Germany, the peripheral countries leave the euro.

“The crisis takes a much longer time coming than you think and then it happens much faster than you would have thought.” Rudiger Dornbusch.

Nick Bilton points to the lack of revenue at startups as signs of a bubble.

At Linkfest.com, we love linkfests so much we named our website after them. When a knowledgeable professional is dedicated enough to get up at an ungodly hour to make an up-to-the-minute reading list for us, that just shows true love for the craft of investing, the game, and the readers. It just makes us warm and fuzzy.

Irving Fisher is mostly remembered, a bit unfortunately, for writing that stock prices were at a permanently high plateau…right before the Great Crash of 1929. He also invented the Rolodex, pioneered early economic statistics-gathering, wrote of the Fisher money equation PY=MV and the Fisher debt-deflation cycle. (See Sylvia Nasar’s Grand Pursuit - interesting but wouldn’t consider it must-read.)

The History of every major Galactic Civilization tends to pass through three distinct and recognizable phases, those of Survival, Inquiry and Sophistication, otherwise known as the How, Why, and Where phases. For instance, the first phase is characterized by the question ‘How can we eat?’ the second by the question ‘Why do we eat?’ and the third by the question ‘Where shall we have lunch?” Douglas Adams

Finally got around to reading the Steve Jobs bio by Walter Isaacson. It’s must read for anyone involved in the tech business. Some slightly less charitable takes: John Gruber is all I Am Disappoint there aren’t more insights into the products and strategy. Self-described underemployed writer Maureen Tkacik notes that Jobs was a Machiavellian liar, exploiter, and control freak.

Warren Buffett contributed a Fortune article with his customary paean to the virtues of stocks over the long term. There is some worthy discussion from John Hempton and the pseudonymous Kid Dynamite.

Since everyone else is playing the Facebook valuation parlor game, here is a stab at it.

Last week, we looked at gold as part of a long-term asset allocation. I was curious about how stable those relationships would be over time, so I ran the same plots, starting from different inflection points.

If you want to frustrate someone for a day, give them a program. If you want to frustrate them for a lifetime, teach them how to program.

What does an efficient long-run portfolio look like for major US asset classes, and where does gold fit in?

Thinking about cord-cutting and over-the-top video like Netflix

Some drive-by thoughts on Europe:

Two differing views on UK and the EC.

Europe is heading into yet another moment of truth this week, with a Merkozy summit and a new plan, an ECB meeting and likely interest rate cut, and a full EU summit starting Friday.

ROCKY HILL, Conn. — Three asset managers from Connecticut’s affluent New York suburbs claimed a $254 million Powerball jackpot on Monday off a $1 ticket.

Watched Margin Call last night on iTunes and woke up cranky. Here is a short list of things that it gets wrong about Wall Street.

Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed it’s the only thing that ever has. - Margaret Mead

Steve Jobs was to tech like John Lennon was to music _ changed the game, launched a new era, had vision and integrity, was an inspiration to people.

Larry Summers: Daniel Ellsberg drew out the lesson regarding the Vietnam War…Policymakers acted without illusion. At every juncture they made the minimum commitments necessary to avoid imminent disaster — offering optimistic rhetoric but never taking steps that even they believed offered the prospect of decisive victory. They were tragically caught in a kind of no man’s land — unable to reverse a course to which they had committed so much but also unable to generate the political will to take forward steps that gave any realistic prospect of success.

It is a slow day in a small Irish town. The rain is misting and the streets are deserted. Times are tough, everybody is in debt, and having a hard time making ends meet, let alone climbing out of debt.

A good analogy Of hurricanes and economic equilibrium.

Wild and woolly couple of weeks in tech world ‘out with the old, in with the new.’

With the S&P down 13% since July 7, and the 10-year rate down a point to barely over 2%, markets are discounting the double dip. They might be doing a great job of early warning, sensitive to faint aromas in complex crosscurrents of data. Or they might be wrong.

Tucked away in the neglected items in the ‘Tools’ menu above, you might have noticed the metaphorical ‘Cat Food Calculator’.

There’s a disingenuous meme being perpetuated by the grossly misinformed and cynical, that 50% of Americans get government benefits, but pay no taxes (the ‘lucky duckies‘, here and there and everywhere).

We have been going through the stages of coming to terms with GOP berzerkers. 1. Denial: “They’re just posturing.” 2. Astonishment: “Wow, some of them are dumb enough to believe their own BS.” 3. Facepalm: “I can’t believe they’re actually going to do this.”

Once again, people are debating here and here and here whether the GSEs like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac caused the financial crisis.

Sometimes the first duty of intelligent men is the restatement of the obvious. - George Orwell

The greater the institution, the greater the chances of abuse. - Mohandas K. Gandhi

Bitcoin is a fascinating experiment: digital currency that doesn’t depend on a central authority.

A math/probability problem I think is awesome and counterintuitive, and may be instructive about financial markets: A hedge fund manager puts 100 traders in a room and instructs them: “On the trading desk, there are 100 boxes. Each box has one of your names. You can go [one at a time] onto the trading desk and open any 50 boxes you choose, to try to find your name. If every one of the 100 traders in this room finds his or her name, you will each get a $1,000,000 bonus. If anyone fails, I will crush all your $100,000 BMWs to create my modern art masterpiece. You can devise a strategy before anyone leaves the room, but once a trader has opened the boxes, you must leave the trading desk exactly as it was before you entered and cannot communicate with anyone else.”

You didn’t change the game, the game changed you. Niko Bellic, Grand Theft Auto IV

‘Black swan’ is a term which is overused and under-understood.

*As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. - Albert Einstein

The Chinese government has taken insecurity and paranoia up a notch in the wake of the Jasmine uprisings in the Arab world. They have ‘disappeared’ dissident artist Ai Weiwei and cracked down hard on human rights activists, meddlesome lawyers, and dissidents.

A question for Ben Bernanke at today’s press conference:

*The S&P rating downgrade was deservedly greeted as a big joke. *

The brilliant, provocative, and slightly mad GMU economist and blogger Tyler Cowen wrote his New York Times column about why the Euro zone is headed for breakup.

</a> I have been reading the poor reviews of Atlas Shrugged. I feel almost disappointed that it is by collective consensus a steaming turd. I would welcome a thoughtful movie about an interesting thought experiment, and I think the country could use a rare substantive debate about the size and role of government.

A lot of cool videos from INET’s Bretton Woods conference last week. Kind of like TED talks for econ supergeeks.

Let me say at the outset that I am bullish on gold in the long run. US demographics, politics, debt levels, harder-to-extract energy, peaking of globalization’s labor supply shock: all these point to inflation in the long run. And central bankers have not exactly covered themselves in glory lately. That being said, going back on the gold standard makes exactly as much sense as going back to horses and buggies. Here’s why.

A few technology megatrends:

China’s remarkable growth continues _ China has apparently now passed the US in industrial production, with the world GDP title in its sights (see previous post).

China’s surge from basket case to the world’s factory is simply breathtaking. But the powerful rise has outpaced institutions that Westerners see as prerequisites to capitalism.

A few years old, but new to me: an interesting perspective from Yegor Gaidar, reformist economist of the post-Gorbachev era.

In the post-war period period (possibly throughout the dynasties), truth has been relative in China, while power has been absolute.

I spent March in Asia and trying to figure out China. Here is a quick summary mixed with a few conclusions and speculations.